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B>@>9 F8:;, @50;87CNI89AO 2 B5G5=85 >?@545;Q==>3> 2@5<5=8 2 =5>?@545;Q==>< ?@>AB@0=AB25, O2;O5BAO M@>78>==K< F8:;><. "5>@8O M@>78>==>3> F8:;0 #8;LO<>< >@@8A>< M28A>< (1850-1934) 8725AB=0 ?>4 =0720=85< «35>3@0D8G5A:89 F8:;».</p> <p>5>3@0D8G5A:89 F8:; :0: 70:>= @0728B8O @5;L5D0 ACH8 70:;NG05B 2 A515 <=>385 >1;0AB8, 2:;NG0O >1;0ABL A?>:>9=> 70;530NI8E >A04>G=KE ?>@>4, >1;0ABL 3;K1 4@52=53> :@8AB0;;8G5A:>3> DC=40<5=B0, >1;0ABL <03<0B8G5A:8E 8 <5B0<03<0B8G5A:8E ?>@>4 8 4@C385.</p> <p>«;O >?>@=>9 AE5<K  M@>78>==>3> F8:;0  M28A ?@8=O; A;CG09 1KAB@>3> ?>4=OB>9 ACH8, :>B>@0O ?>B>< ?>425@305BAO M:7>35==><C A=>AC, ?@8 254CI59 45OB5;L=>AB8 @5: 2 CA;>28OE B5:B>=8G5A:>3> ?>:>O. "0:>5 @0728B85 >= =0720; =5=0@CH5==K< F8:;>< 8 2K45;8; 2 =Q< AB0488 45BAB20, N=>AB8, <>;>4>AB8, 7@5;>AB8, AB0@>AB8 8 4@OE;>AB8. 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KA;L, 1984. - AB@.13, 14/. </p> <p><b>450;L=K9 F8:;</b> M28A0 ?>B><C B0: 8 =07K205BAO, GB> >= :0: >1I89 70:>= >1>1I05B ?>25@E=>AB=K9 2C;:0=87<, ?0@=K5 A>?@O6Q==K5 ?>4=OB8O 8 2?048=K, ?5@5=>A <0B5@80;0 >A04>G=>3> A;>O ?>B>:0<8 0B<>AD5@=>9 2>4K A ?>4=OBKE CG0AB:>2 =0 =865@0A?>;>65==K5 CG0AB:8 ACH8.  @50;L=>AB8 2>4=K5 ?>B>:8 F8:;0 1K20NB =54>3@C65==K<8 <0B5@80;><, 8 2@570NBAO, 1K20NB ?5@53@C65==K<8 <0B5@80;><, 8 >B;030NB <0B5@80;. </p> <p> 450;L=>< F8:;5 M28A0 2A5 B2Q@4K5 G0AB8FK ?>4=OB>9 G0AB8 >A04>G=>3> A;>O, 2:;NG0O 1@>C=>2A:CN G0AB8FC, 2 ?>;=>9 A>E@0==>AB8, =5 C1K20O 8 =5 ?@8@0AB0O, ?5@5A5;ONBAO 2> 2?048=C 2>4=K< ?>B>:>< 0B<>AD5@=>9 2>4K, 035=B>< A=>A0 8 B@0=A?>@B0 G0AB8F >A04>G=>3> A;>O. > M28AC, A>>B=>H5=85 B5:B>=8G5A:8E 42865=89 8 M:7>35==KE ?@>F5AA>2 2A5340 ?@>E>48B >4=8 8 B5 65 AB0488 8 D>@<K, 2 >4=>9 8 B>9 65 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8. </p> <p>&8:; 70:;NG05B 2 A515 B@8 AB0488 8 A5<L D>@< >1@07>20=8O 8 @0728B8O @5;L5D0 =0 2>72KH0NI59AO =04 C@>2=5< <>@O G0AB8 ACI8, >1@07>20==>9 5Q B5:B>=8G5A:8< ?>4=OB85<.</p> <p><b>!B048O 1</b>(<>;>4>ABL). 0 40==>9 AB0488 1@>C=>2A:0O G0AB8F0 ACI5AB2C5B 2 A>AB>O=88 42865=8O 2 B5G5=85 >?@545;Q==>3> 2@5<5=8 2 =5>?@545;Q==>< ?@>AB@0=AB25. 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A;01>< 2708<>459AB288 >=8 ?>:@K20NB ?>25@E=>ABL 2?048=K. </p> <p><b>$>@<0 7</b>. >25@E=>ABL 2?048=K ACI5AB2C5B 2> 2708<>459AB288 A 0B<>AD5@=K<8 O2;5=8O<8 F8:;>=0 8 0=B8F8:;>=0. -B8 O2;5=8O 2 40==>< A;CG05 ?@8=8<0NBAO 2 @0AGQB :0: 035=BK B@0=A?>@B8@>2:8 B2Q@4KE G0AB8F, 2:;NG0O 1@>C=>2A:CN G0AB8FC 87 ?>25@E=>AB8 2?048=K =0 ?>25@E=>ABL <>@O. 07C<55BAO, >4=0 G0ABL B2Q@4KE G0AB8F, 4286CI8EAO 2 0B<>AD5@5, >A5405B =0 ?>25@E=>ABL ACH8, 0 4@C30O 8E G0ABL >A5405B =0 2>4=CN ?>25@E=>ABL.</p> <p>@>C=>2A:0O G0AB8F0 <>65B >:070BLAO 2<5AB5 A B5<8 G0AB8F0<8, :>B>@K5 >A540NB =0 ?>25@E=>ABL <>@O.  <><5=B AB>;:=>25=8O A ?>25@E=>ABLN <>@O, >=0 7025@H05B A2>9 :@C3>>1>@>B 2> 2@5<5=8 8 ?@>AB@0=AB25 8 =0G8=05B =>2K9 :@C3>>1>@>B, ?>2B>@OO 53> =0 ?@56=89 ;04.  ?5@2>9 G0AB8 =>2>3> :@C3>>1>@>B0 1@>C=>2A:0O G0AB8F0 >ACI5AB2;O5B ?5@2K9 F8:; A2>53> 42865=8O >B ?>25@E=>AB8 <>@A:>9 2>4K 4> ?>25@E=>AB8 <>@A:>3> ;>60. 0 MB>9 G0AB8 >1>@>B0 5Q 42865=85 O2;O5BAO >@30=87>20==K<, C?@02;O5<K< 8 F5;5=0?@02;5==K<. </p> <p>;020 <>A:>2A:>9 H:>;K 35><>@D>;>3>2 . . >@7>2 >?@545;8; >@30=87>20==>ABL D>@<8@>20=8O 7@5;>3> @5;L5D0 =0 ?>25@E=>AB8 ACH8 :0?;O<8 4>64O A;>20<8: «-B> B0:>9 @5;L5D, 2 :>B>@>< :0640O :0?;O 7=05B, :C40 8 70G5< >=0 B5GQB» »/.. 8>B@>2A:89 « ?>7=0=8N 70:>=>2 5<;8» (87=L 8 8AA;54>20=8O #8;LO<0 >@@8A0 M28A0 8 0;LB5@0 5=:0).  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B. 4. </p> <p>A;8 ?@8@>40 2 :@C3>>1>@>B5 1@>C=>2A:>9 G0AB8FK, 2 ?5@2>< 8 2> 2B>@>< F8:;0E, 459AB2C5B @07C<=> 8 F5;5A>>1@07=>, B>, =5A><=5==>, 5Q 459AB285< C?@02;O5B 07C<.  ?5@2>< 8 2> 2B>@>< F8:;0E =0 AB0488 1 8 =0 AB0488 2 @50;87CNBAO G5BK@5 D>@<K, 87 :>B>@KE D>@<0 4 O2;O5BAO ?@545;L=> A>25@H5==>9 D>@<>9. =0;>38G=K5 G5BK@5 D>@<K 1K;8 >1=0@C65=K 535;5< 2 @0728B88 F828;870F88. = CB25@640;, GB>, >1J5:B 8AB>@88  <8@>2>9 07C<, 8;8 <8@>2>9 CE, GB> 07C< 2>AE>48B : 01A>;NB=><C 7=0=8N 8 ?@028B 8@><. > 535;N, 2A5<8@=0O 8AB>@8O G5;>25G5AB20 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 «4CE>2=CN 459AB28B5;L=>ABL 2> 2AQ< >1JQ<5 5Q 2=5H=8E 8 2=CB@5==8E AB>@>=».  =59 ACI5AB2CNB <b>G5BK@5 =0G0;0</b>, 8;8 <b>G5BK@5 ABC?5=8</b>, 53> ?>ABC?0B5;L=>3> @0728B8O». </p> <p>«!>>B25BAB25==> MB8< <i>G5BK@Q<</i> =0G0;0< ACI5AB2CNB G5BK@5 2A5<8@=> 8AB>@8G5A:8E F0@AB20, 0 8<5==>: 1) <i>2>AB>G=>5</i>, 2) <i>3@5G5A:>5</i>, 3) <i>@8<A:>5</i>, 4) <i>35@<0=A:>5</i>» /535;L. !>G8=5=8O, B. Y11. $8;>A>D8O ?@020. - .: !&-, 1934. - AB@. 356/.</p> <p>!>>B25BAB25==> MB8< G5BK@Q< =0G0;0< ACI5AB2CNB 2 «0C:5 ;>38:8» 535;O G5BK@5 >B=>H5=8O <KA;8: 1) >B=>H5=85 : >1J5:B82=>AB8, 2) >B=>H5=85 : >1J5:B82=>AB8, 3) >B=>H5=85 : >1J5:B82=>AB8, 4) >B=>H5=85 : A0<>9 A515 (?>=OB85 :0: B0:>2>5).</p> <p>!>>B25BAB25==> MB8< G5BK@Q< =0G0;0< ACI5AB2CNB 2 B5>@88 AB>8<>AB8 3;02K 1 «0?8B0;0» . 0@:A0 G5BK@5 D>@<K AB>8<>AB8: 1) 548=8G=0O (B>20@=0O), 2) >A>15==0O (B>20@=0O), 3) 2A5>1I0O (B>20@=0O), 4) 2A5>1I0O (45=56=0O).</p> <p>«<i>D>@87<</i>: 5;L7O 2?>;=5 ?>=OBL «0?8B0;0» 0@:A0 8 >A>15==> 53> 1 3;02K, =5 ?@>HBC48@>202 8 =5 ?>=O2 <i>2A59</i> >38:8 535;O. !;54>20B5;L=>, =8:B> 87 <0@:A8AB>2 =5 ?>=O; 0@:A0 1/2 25:0 A?CABO!!»/. . 5=8=, !!. 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